Changes Do Happen Daily On An Organizational Behavior

Changes do happen daily in an organizational behavior. This happens as organizations move to improve their services and products or to correct the wrongs done following their previous decisions. Knowledge is part of the business realities today. This comes at a time known as the information age. In this generation people value intellectual power more than physical assets. This is further highlighted amongst the original factors of production which include; land, labor, and capital. Entrepreneurship is highly rated and organizations are mostly looking at their chief executive officers to position organizations towards success. According to Tecker International (2012), â€Å"the four knowledge basis are; Needs, wants and preferences of†¦show more content†¦Informed decisions can only be achieved by the organization relying on its available knowledge assets. This also enables the organization have a uniform agenda in its strategic, tactical and operational levels of management . It is imperative that an organization is aware of its knowledge assets and use them effectively as a key resource. The question chosen is based on Exodus Travels, the company which I worked for. During the 15 years at exodus travels I have seen lots of new working systems (systems the company uses to book passengers holidays, costings of the trips and also air ticket booking system come into place. Sometimes the Exodus has found it difficult to implement these new systems. Some employees have found it difficult to accept or adopt these changes because there is lack of clear understanding of the concepts of knowledge change which leads to confusion between the employers and the employees. Knowledge based decisions are influenced by many issues and amongst them is the intrinsic characteristics. According to Stewart (1991), while knowledge is increasingly viewed as a commodity or intellectual asset, there are some paradoxical characteristics of knowledge that are radically different notably. By passing on knowledge to others does not mean that you lose it. Much of an organization’s valuable knowledge walks out of the door at the end of the each day.

Pro-Child / Pro-Choice An Exercise in Doublethink by...

In her essay â€Å"Pro-Child / Pro-Choice: An Exercise in Doublethink?† Judith A. Boss deconstructs the argument supporting legalized abortion on the basis that it is beneficial to children in general. Boss presents the oft-used slogan of the pro-choice position, â€Å"Pro-Child / Pro-Choice†. She maintains that this slogan seems closely related to â€Å"newspeak†, which she characterizes as â€Å"†¦vocabulary pared down to a minimum so that whole ideologies are expressed in a single slogan†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (156-7). The term â€Å"newspeak† comes from George Orwell’s 1984. In the novel, these simplistic slogans serve to perpetuate â€Å"doublethink†, which entails, as Orwell writes, â€Å"holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously and accepting both of them† (156).†¦show more content†¦To believe that murdering an unborn child on circumstantial grounds and to believe in the modern court proces s is an obvious form of doublethink. However, the pro-choice position has a quick rebuttal to this question by claiming that the aborted fetus is not a person or a child so â€Å"they cannot be benefited or harmed† in the first place (157). In other words, the unborn fetus is not included in definition for child in the slogan: â€Å"Pro-Child / Pro-Choice†. Seeing that this rebuttal would quickly lead to an argument concerning what constitutes personhood, Boss moves on to examine the benefits abortion-on-demand gives to the second category, the born child. Boss points out that specific research on the well being of born children since the Roe v. Wade decision of 1973 is sparse. This lack of empirical research leads one to believe that the pro-choice claim that abortion-on-demand benefits children seems to be a speculative and unsubstantiated. Boss notes a rapid decline in the social well-being of children since 1974. Since abortion-on-demand obviously does not benefit the unborn fetus, it must aid the well-being of the born child in order to be beneficial to children at all. Boss argues that ensuring abortion-on-demand is in no way beneficial to the child, and in fact, may be harmful. Boss uses the rise in teen suicide

Multifunctional Metal Organic Frameworks Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

Herein, I report MOFs with high selectivity of CO2 over CH4 and N2O every bit good as catalytic activity for transesterification. The ground why we research MOFs selective capturing CO2 is that CO 2 has more consequence on planetary heating than other GHGs. As a affair of fact, the CCS ( Carbon Capture A ; Storage ) undertaking is pulling planetary attending now. We will write a custom essay sample on Multifunctional Metal Organic Frameworks Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to lend to this work, I have been analyzing fabrication techniques and word picture of MOFs which can be used to capture C dioxide and catalyze transesterification reactions. Introduction As society is turning and altering fast, the ingestion of fossil fuels has increased quickly. As the consequence, we are confronting well serious jobs, one of which is planetary warming caused by nursery gases ( GHGs ) including C dioxide ( CO2 ) , methane ( CH4 ) , azotic oxide ( N2O ) , ozone ( O3 ) , H2O vapour ( H2O ) and so on. Actually, many scientists have been seting attempt into happening steps which can be used for slowing the planetary heating rate. They focused on the remotion of CO2 exhausted from pollution beginnings into the air. As portion of such attempts, the Carbon Capture A ; Storage ( CCS ) undertaking is presently afoot worldwide. In the undertaking, many scientists are seeking for the stuffs to capture GHGs and reassign them safely for hive awaying them into deep inside the ocean. One of the stuffs being developed are Metal-Organic Frameworks ( MOFs ) . MOFs are porous stuffs incorporating metal ions and organic molecules or ligands ( ions or molecules that bi nd to cardinal metal atoms to organize coordination composites ) . The advantages of MOFs are robustness and flexibleness ( Millard and Yaghi, 2005 ) . There is besides a turning involvement in MOF-based catalytic systems because of their high recyclability and responsiveness ( Farrusseng, 2009 ) . MOFs have the ability to catalyse many reactions used in industrial production. One of the reactions which MOFs can catalyse is transesterification reactions ( the procedure of interchanging the organic group R1 of an ester with the organic group R2 of an intoxicant ) , which is an of import procedure for the synthesis of biodiesel. Biodiesel made from works oils such as vegetable oil and tree oil is a nontoxic and environmental friendly fuel. Therefore, biodiesel synthesis is being considered as a possible option to fossil fuel exhaustion ( Meher, Sagar, and Naik, 2006 ) . Many scientists have studied many methods of MOFs synthesis, one of which is a molecular self-assembly ( the procedure by which molecules adopt a defined agreement without counsel or direction from an outside beginning ) . After that, they characterized these MOFs by utilizing several analysis setup such as X raies diffractometer, PXRD ( Powder X-rays Diffraction ) , TGA ( Thermogravimetric Analysis ) , EA ( Element Analysis ) equipment, cryogenic volumetric CO2 adsorption/desorption analysis equipment and GC ( Gas Chromatography ) . Exploration of MOFs In the 1965, Tomic mentioned stuffs which would today be called MOFs, metal-organic polymers or supramolecular constructions. Besides in the same twelvemonth, Biondi et Al. reported on Cu ( aaˆÂ ¦A? ) tricyanomethanide being a crystalline, polymeric compound. In 1990, Hoskins and Robson reported on the design of scaffold-like stuffs utilizing Cu ( aaˆÂ ¦A ) centres and tetracyanotetraphenylmethane. From the 1900s, constructions, belongingss and possible applications of MOFs as storage house have been studied. Nowadays several hundred different MOFs have been indicated. The characteristic of MOFs is that they contain cardinal metals linked through organic ligands, which form 3-dimensional models and the ligands normally bond via O atoms or N atoms. Furthermore, these stuffs have attracted a great attending in the last several decennaries. Applications in gas storage, contact action, and drug storage and bringing have been studied by many scientists. Particularly, among abilities above, gas storage and catalytic activity are being researching actively. Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide fig.1 MOFs capturing CO2 ( Robert, 2009 ) Recently people all over the universe think we need to cut down emanation of nursery gases and besides are doing assorted attempts to halt environmental catastrophe caused by planetary heating. There are several C dioxide emanations decrease engineerings: salvaging energy, high-efficiency energy use, non-fossil energy use like clean and renewable energy, transition engineering between renewable energy and fossil fuels, CCS ( Carbon Capture and Storage ) , ecological or biological intervention engineering and so on. Among these assorted decrease engineerings, particularly CCS is good known as the most effectual engineering ; hence, many developed states are already concentrating on the most investing and research for CCS technological development ( Wee, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Andrew, MOFs represent a category of porous stuffs that offer these advantages for CO2 storage. A good porous web should retain its construction even when all the guest molecules are hone. Therefore, it is need test the thermic stableness and hardiness by utilizing thermic hydrometric analysis ( TGA ) . Walton et Al. conducted experiment for proving hardiness of the MOFs they made. As the consequences, they got the isotherms over a broad scope of temperatures. They figured out that inflexions in the isotherms become more defined with increasing effectual pore size and this observation was gotten without any alteration of MOFs construction. This means the MOFs they synthesized can capture C dioxide any temperature and can recycle them because they do non demo any alterations of their construction. Besides, the key to dividing CO2 from power works fluke gases is to make a porous stuff that selectively captures CO2 molecules ( red-grey-red rods stand foring O=C=O ) and non nitrogen and H2O molecules. here, the porous stuff is a metal-organic model consisting of Co atoms ( purple ) linked by an organic bridging ligand ( 1,4-benzenedipyrazolate, with N and C atoms shown in bluish and gray, severally ) ( Robert, 2009 ) . Catalysis of MOFs eq1. General equation of tranesterification reaction.Meher says, aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"Biodiesel is deriving more and more importance as an attractivce fuel due to the consuming dodo fuel resourcesaa‚ ¬A? . Biodiesel is made by certain reaction called transesterification ( the procedure of interchanging the organic group R1 of an ester with the organic group R2 of an intoxicant ) . Harmonizing to Meher, this fuel is biodegradable and non-toxic stuffs and less release nursery emanation as compared to petroleum Diesel. The MOFs made by assorted methods can catalyse this reaction, transesterification. There is MOFs holding Cu as cardinal metal. Since Cu has late gained prominence as a accelerator for legion transmutations and MOFs incorporating Cu ( Cu ) are indissoluble in H2O and common organic dissolver such as DMF, DMSO, CH2Cl2, and EtOH, the responsiveness of the MOFs as heterogenous accelerators ( They have stage of which differs from that of the reactants. Besides, they can be reused several times ) was examined in the transesterification reaction of broad scope of esters with intoxicants. In our lab, we by and large use phenyl ethanoate and phenyl benzoate as a substrate and methyl alcohol as a dissolver. The basic equation of transesterification is like this: phenyl ethanoate methyl alcohol phenol methyl ethanoate eq2. Transesterification by utilizing phenyl ethanoate and methyl alcohol ( or phenyl benzoate ) ( or methyl benzoate ) Aside from MOFs holding Cu as cardinal metal, there are MOFs incorporating Zn ( Zn ) , dicarboxylic acids as chelator ( substance that binds peculiar ions, taking them from solution ) and bipyridyl ligands as spacer ( connection of 2D planar to organize 3D construction ) . They besides show good catalytic activity for transesterification reaction. Both of Cu MOFs and Zn MOFs are reclaimable because they are heterogenous accelerators without losing their catalytic activity. Consequently, these MOFs are greatly helpful cut down pollution caused by chemical compounds which are being ended up in the air or dirt every bit good as facilitation of biodiesel production for options to fossil fuel depletion. Decision From last several decennaries, many scientists have put attempts to synthesise stuffs to slow planetary heating occurred by nursery gases emanation. One of the stuffs they made is MOFs, which can capture C dioxide that have the most impact on planetary warming acceleration among many other nursery gases and catalyze transesterification reaction which is used for biodiesel ( alternate fuel ) production. In visible radiation of these advantages, MOFs can be first-class accelerators and great options for fossil fuel. How to cite Multifunctional Metal Organic Frameworks Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Capital Budgeting Techniques Management

Question: Discuss about the Capital Budgeting Techniques Management. Answer: Introduction This assignment mainly provides the answers of two questions. While answering the first question, the study discusses on the relationship between the capital budgeting techniques like, Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value method and managerial decision making process. At the same time, the answer also includes the discussion regarding the concepts of sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis in relation to capital budgeting techniques. The answer in the second question defines the similarities and dissimilarities between the Capital Assets Pricing Model and Capital Market Line. Relationship between capital budgeting techniques and management decision-making process The capital budgeting techniques like, Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value analysis are most popular methods that help the management of the companies taking logical investment decisions (Robinson and Burnett 2016). The internal rate of return is a capital budgeting technique that helps to identify the percentage of return that the management or the company will get by investing in a particular project. While calculating the internal rate of return, the management considers future cash inflows and out flows of that project. In the words of Abor (2017), the internal rate of return or IRR either motivates or de-motivates the investors or the management towards a particular project. The identification of IRR percentage of the project also indicates the breakeven point of the project. Hayward et al. (2016) suggests that if the value of IRR is higher than the cost of finance, then the project can be consider as an attractive project. This means, by identifying the IRR, the manag ement can understand whether the project is suitable for them or not. Net Present Value or NPV is another capital budgeting method that helps to identify the present value of certain future course of action or the future project (Magni, Veronese and Graziani 2016). In order to identify the NPV of a particular project, the future cash flows and discounting rate are considered. In case of a particular project, if the NPV value is positive, then it is considered that the project will be able to generate positive cash inflows in future years when the project will be completed (Tong, Hu and Hu 2017). Therefore, like, IRR, the NPV also helps the management understanding whether the project will be profitable for the company or not. Concept of sensitivity analysis in relation to capital budgeting technique Sensitivity analysis is a concept that helps identifying the impact of different values of independent variable on the dependent variable under certain circumstances (Christina 2009). On the other side, capital budgeting is a technique of analyzing a particular project in order to determine whether the project must be taken or not. Berk and Van Binsbergen (2016) have mentioned that the sensitivity analysis is related to the capital budgeting techniques to some extent. In case of the sensitivity analysis in general context, the management analyzes the project by considering both financial as well as non-financial factors, whereas in the capital budgeting, the management considers only the financial factors while analyzing a particular project (Anderson and Linderoth 2016). This indicates that the sensitivity analysis in relation to capital budgeting is that through which the management analyzes the financial factors of a project. In the other words, it can be said that through sensitivity analysis, the management of a company identifies or determines the probability of getting success in a particular project. Habibi, Habibi and Habibi (2016) has defined the sensitivity analysis as the technique of identifying or budgeting the cash inflow and outflow of a particular project by considering some essential factors like, interest rate, current economic condition and inflation rate. The sensitivity analysis in relation to capital budgeting can be better done with the help of IRR and NPV methods (Robinson and Burnett 2016). For example, in a particular project, the management of a company identified the IRR 10%, where the cost of capital is 5%. This means the IRR is much higher than the cost of capital or finance cost. Therefore, there is more chance or probability that the project will be profitable or suitable for the company because the rate of return that the investor or the company will get will be high. Simila rly, if the company identifies that the net present value of the project is negative, then the probability of project failure will be high, which means the management must not invest in the project (Christina 2009). Concept of Scenario analysis in relation to capital budgeting technique Scenario analysis is a technique of analyzing a particular project by considering certain factors and assumptions. In the other words, it can be said that the scenario analysis is a technique of analyzing a project by considering variety of situations or scenarios. Berk and Van Binsbergen (2016) commented that the scenario analysis helps the management of a company analyzing each possible alternative outcome of a particular project. Habibi, Habibi and Habibi (2016) have mentioned that the scenario analysis helps the managers identifying the value of a project by considering each risk factor. With the help of the scenario analysis, the management can understand impact of any unfavorable situation on the particular project taken by the company (Anderson and Linderoth 2016). For example, while investing in a new project like, business expansion, the management of the Woolworths Limited conducts the scenario analysis in order to identify the possible risks and return percentage of the pr oject. Before starting or investing a particular project, it is very important conducting the scenario analysis of the project. In case of any particular investment project, the company can conduct the scenario analysis by identifying the IRR and NPV by considering different rates of cost of capital (Tong, Hu and Hu 2017). At the same time, the management can also conduct the scenario analysis by identifying the IRR and NPV at different economic situations like, identifying the IRR and NPV during the high inflation in the market and identifying the IRR and NPV by considering the depression in the market (Christina 2009). Scenario analysis through capital budgeting techniques helps the management conducting realistic analysis of the project, which ultimately helps taking quick and appropriate decision. Therefore, from the above analysis, it can be understood that sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis both are important for the management while taking any decision related to capital investment. These two analytical concepts are very effective in case of capital budgeting. These two concepts help analyzing the project under realistic scenario. Identifying the similarities and differences between Capital Assets Pricing Model and Capital Market Line Before identifying the similarities and dissimilarities between Capital Assets Pricing Model or (CAPM) and Capital Market Line, it is important to have a basic knowledge on these two concepts, which are stated below: The main motive of CAPM model is identifying the relationship between the systematic risk and the expected return from a particular investment or asset (Lal et al. 2016). While analyzing a particular project with the help of CAPM, the management requires considering both of the systematic and unsystematic risk factors. Prat (2016) has considered the CAPM as one of the most suitable model for analyzing the suitability of a particular financial or investment project. In order to identify the expected return through the CAPM model, the following formula will be followed: Re = Rf + B [E (Rm) Rf] Rf = Risk free rate of the securities Re = Return on equity B = Beta coefficient and E (Rm) = Expected rate of return on the portfolio of market B [E (Rm) Rf] = The difference between the rate of risk- free rate and the anticipated return of market security that is referred as market premium. On the other side, the Capital Market Line shows the market portfolio of a particular set of risky assets. This is a tangent line that represents the value of the risks factors in a particular project. The Capital Market Line starts from the point, where the investment project is risk free and ends to the point, where the risks in the project starts (Kianpoor and Dehghani 2016). The Capital Market Line indicates the risk factors in a project that helps the CAPM model determining the fair value of the investment or project in respect to the current market value (Do, Bhatti and Konya 2016). Moreover, the Capital Market Line helps determining the level of performance of a particular assets portfolio. The Capital Market Line for a particular investment portfolio indicates whether the portfolio is overvalued or under-valued. The securities under a portfolio can be considered as under-valued if the expected rate of return of the security against the risk component that is beta is drawn abo ve the Capital Market Line and vice-versa (Kianpoor and Dehghani 2016). The major similarity between Capital Assets Pricing Model and Capital Market Line is that both help to determine the return from a particular investment or portfolio (Christensen, Hail and Leuz 2016). In case of the CAPM, the expected return on investment is measured based on the expected market return, risk variance and risk free rate of return (Lal et al. 2016). On the other side, in case of the Capital Market Line, the expected return is measured by identifying the tangent line by considering the CAPM. Another similarity between these two is that the both consider the risk factors while determining the return. As stated above, in case of CAPM, two types of risks are considered systematic risk and unsystematic risk (Petters and Dong 2016). On the other side, as the Capital Market Line is determined by considering the CAPM, it also considers the systematic as well as unsystematic risk. In the words of Prat (2016), the expected return from a project or investment which is determined by the CAPM model, is represented by the Capital Market Line. Though there are some similarities between the Capital Assets Pricing Model and Capital Market Line, it cannot be said that these two are completely same. There are some differences between these two. The first difference is that the Capital Assets Pricing Model determines the expected return of the investment portfolio by considering the risk free rate, systematic risks and the market premium rate; whereas, the Capital Market line determines the value of the investment portfolio by considering the probable return and risk factors (Christensen, Hail and Leuz 2016). Another difference between these two is that the Capital market line is just a graphical representation of value of the securities in the investment portfolio, but the CAPM does not provide any graphical representation that identifies the expected returns for the investment portfolio of a particular investor (Petters and Dong 2016). The capital market line depends on the CAPM model because while determining the Capital Market Line, the CAPM formula is followed in order to identify the expected return of the particular investment portfolio (Do, Bhatti and Konya 2016). However, the Capital Assets Pricing Model is not depended on the Capital Market line. Therefore, it can be said that CAPM is a part of Capital Market Line but Capital Market Line is not a part of CAPM model. In case of the Capital Market Line, only the efficient portfolios are shown. In the other words, it can be said that the Capital Market Line represents only those portfolio, which are efficient and include high return. However, this cannot be applied in case of the CAPM model (Christina 2009). Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that CAPM and Capital Market Line are related to each other but they are not completely same. Conclusion In this study, it has been identified that the Internal Rate of Return and he Net Present Value are the two most effective methods of capital budgeting. The study has identified that the internal rate of return and the net present value help the management of the companies to determine whether they should invest in a particular project or not. At the same time, the study has also identified that the management of an organization may conduct the sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis based on the capital budgeting techniques like, IRR and NPV. As per the analysis in the study, the sensitivity and scenario analyses help to determine the feasibility and suitability of the project in the real scenario. The study has also indicated that the capital assets pricing model and the capital market line both aim to identify the expected return of an investment portfolio and at the same time, these two also consider the risk factors while determining the expected return. However, the capital market line is a graphical representation of value of the securities in the investment portfolio, which is not same in case of the capital assets pricing model. Reference list: Abor, J.Y., 2017. Evaluating Capital Investment Decisions: Capital Budgeting. InEntrepreneurial Finance for MSMEs(pp. 293-320). Springer International Publishing. Anderson, E. and Linderoth, J., 2016. High Throughput Computing for Massive Scenario Analysis and Optimization to Minimize Cascading Blackout Risk.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. Berk, J.B. and Van Binsbergen, J.H., 2016. Assessing asset pricing models using revealed preference.Journal of Financial Economics,119(1), pp.1-23. Christensen, H.B., Hail, L. and Leuz, C., 2016. Capital-market effects of securities regulation: Prior conditions, implementation, and enforcement.Review of Financial Studies, p.hhw055. Christina, P., 2009. Capital budgeting methods.Docs. school Publications. Do, H.Q., Bhatti, M.I. and Konya, L., 2016. On ASEAN capital market and industry integration: a review.Corporate Ownership and Control Journal,2(1), pp.8-23. Habibi, H., Habibi, R. and Habibi, H., 2016. Derivation of Kalman Filter Estimates Using Bayesian Theory: Application in Time Varying Beta CAPM Model.Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods,5(2), pp.1-16. Hayward, M., Caldwell, A., Steen, J., Gow, D. and Liesch, P., 2016. Entrepreneurs' Capital Budgeting Orientations and Innovation Outputs: Evidence From Australian Biotechnology Firms.Long Range Planning. Kianpoor, M.M. and Dehghani, A., 2016. The Analysis on Fama and French Asset-Pricing Model to Select Stocks in Tehran Security and Exchange Organization (TSEO).Procedia Economics and Finance,36, pp.283-290. Lal, I., Mubeen, M., Hussain, A. and Zubair, M., 2016. An Empirical Analysis of Higher Moment Capital Asset Pricing Model for Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE).Open Journal of Social Sciences,4(06), p.53. Magni, C.A., Veronese, P. and Graziani, R., 2016. Chisini Mean and a Unified Approach to Capital Budgeting Criteria. Petters, A.O. and Dong, X., 2016. Capital Market Theory and Portfolio Risk Measures. InAn Introduction to Mathematical Finance with Applications(pp. 151-208). Springer New York. Prat, R., 2016. Five Objections Against Using a Size Premium When Estimating the Required Return of Capital with the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Robinson, C.J. and Burnett, J.R., 2016. Financial Management Practices: An Exploratory Study of Capital Budgeting Techniques in the Caribbean Region. Tong, J., Hu, J. and Hu, J., 2017. Computing equilibrium prices for a capital asset pricing model with heterogeneous beliefs and margin-requirement constraints.European Journal of Operational Research,256(1), pp.24-34.

In Past Centuries, Angola Was Among The Areas Most-devastated By The S

In past centuries, Angola was among the areas most-devastated by the slave trade. In recent decades, it has been afflicted with wars. However, in both eras, much of the violence was driven by powerful external forces. This is because Angola, with an abundance of oil and other resources, could develop into a very prosperous country if led and controlled by the right power. In 1975 Angola was released from colonialism by Portugal. This pivotal event in history sparked the beginning of a massive conflict between many of the key players in world power. These key players included the United States, Cuba, China, and the Soviet Union. After reading three separate accounts of the crisis in Angola (U.S. Senate hearings led by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, a personal memoir by 1975 Assistant Secretary of State Nathaniel Davis, and a biography entitled In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story by John Stockwell), I have come to several conclusions. Although these three men all held important positions in the U.S. government, multiple contradictions exist in their chronologies of events. Of the discrepancies I found, all of them put Stockwell in opposition with Kissinger and Davis. I believe this is due to his position in the Central Intelligence Agency, where the greater availability of information was his advantage. Moreover, since all three accounts agree that the U.S. involvement was essentially a covert operation led by the CIA, I feel the account written by Stockwell was the most valid of the three. When looking at the differences in chronologies, it is necessary to start from the beginning of the conflict. The first difference I found dealt with CIA involvement in Angola. Stockwell, "an experienced, senior CIA case officer" (Stockwell, 31), marked early July 1974 as the start of CIA support. In July 1974 the CIA began funding Roberto without 40 committee approval, small amounts at first, but enough for word to get around that the CIA was dealing itself into the race...During the fall of 1974 the CIA continued to fund Roberto, still without 40 committee approval... (Stockwell, 67). However, Davis describes that covert support did not begin until much later. Shortly thereafter (his appointment on March 11, 1975), William G. Hyland, the director of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, told me that a $300,000 program of covert support for the veteran Angolan liberation fighter, Holden Roberto, had been approved that past January by the Forty Committee... (Davis, 110). Kissinger also noted this $300,000, which was given to Holden Roberto, was the first U.S. aid to Angola. ...We did not feel that our national interest was sufficiently involved in the struggle within Angola...therefore, we only made a grant of $300,000 which, at most, will get bicycles, office equipment, and aid political efforts of the FNLA... (Angola, 26). This contradiction is most-likely due to the differences in position between the three men. Stockwell was an important CIA official and had access to more classified information at an earlier time. The second inconsistency I found dealt with the U.S. military support in Angola. Stockwell insisted throughout his book that the U.S. was spending millions of dollars on arms for the conflict. ...8 million, released on July 27, was allocated primarily for the shipload of arms and for the procurement of airplanes to haul material from Kinshasa into Angola...On August 20, an additional 10.7 million was authorized for more arms, aircraft, mercenaries, and maintenance of the liberation forces, (Stockwell, 206). Stockwell also reported that by December 1975 the CIA was still lying to Congress about arms and advisors in Angola. At this time, Kissinger was not reporting anything remotely close to a U.S. arms build-up. In fact, he suggested that a military-type involvement was out of the question. Angola is an African problem and should be left to Africans to solve; foreign military involvement only escalates and prolongs the warfare there... (Angola, 10). In comparison, Davis spoke of a similar American view on foreign military involvement in a memo he submitted to the State Department representative of the Forty Committee. ...Covert intervention (military) would not serve larger U.S. interests...an attempted intervention could not be kept secret...a covert intervention would have to be so circumscribed as to fall between stools in any case-while the other side could escalate at will, (Davis, 113). Again, due to the availability of classified CIA information, Stockwell knew of massive U.S. military support while Kissinger and Davis were unaware

Prepare 2 short research proposals on one topic. List of topics for

Prepare 2 short research proposals on one topic. List of topics for Prepare 2 short research proposals on one topic. List of topics for research proposals : 1.Contemporary issues in the foreign exchange market 2.Banking market structure and firm performance – Essay Example Research proposal on Banking Market Structure and Firm Performance Overview of the Topic The banking industry is very crucial in the economy. Without banking, an economy cannot grow, (Stowel, 2012). Since the economy is the backbone of growth and development, without banking countries cannot develop or grow. In fact, countries with a poor banking system are underdeveloped while the countries with a good banking system are normally countries that are highly developed. According to Hassan & Curt (2006), it is important to understand the banking market structure in order to analyze the performance of business establishments and firms that are involved in the banking industry. It is through this evaluation of the banking market structure and firm performance that one can determine the position in which a banking market is at. Research Questions Firstly, the research will investigate the effect mergers and acquisitions have had on the banking market Secondly, it will investigate the nature of the relationships between different firms in the banking market? Thirdly, investigate the effect of the different relationships that firm in the banking market have. Fourthly the research will investigate on the type of competition in the banking market. Finally, it will investigate on the effects the various types of competition have on the firms in the banking market. Data Required to Answer Any One Question I intend on conducting a research on the first question, which is the effect mergers and acquisitions have had on the banking market industry specifically in Europe. To investigate this question I will need to collect data on the top five bank mergers in the European region between the year 2000 and 2012. I will collect data on the share prices of each bank before it merged. I will then collect data on the share prices of the new banks after the mergers. I will then collect data on the annual post tax profit these banks made in the previous five years before the merged. Finally, I will collect data on the post tax profit the firms made after the mergers. I will also collect data on the changes in the market prices of different banks as a result of specific mergers. Proposed Methodology Here, I will first use Random probability sampling to get the top five mergers between 2000 and 2005. For me to get the data required, I will have to interview personnel of the London exchange market, on their views on which mergers they consider the top five mergers in the banking industry. I will sample at least 15 stock broker agents, who work for different companies. After coming to a conclusion on which are the top five mergers between 2000 and 2011, I will go to the specific companies asking for the financial reports from the specified period. I will also look for past financial statements of the individual firms involved in the market before the mergers. It is important to note that financial statements of firms in the stock exchange are readily available to the public. References Hassan, I & Curt, W., 2006, Bank and Financial Market Efficiency: Global Perspectives, Emerald Group, West Yorkshire. Stowell, D., 2012, Investments Banks, Hedge Funds and Private Equity, Academic Press, San Diego.

Commercialism in Schools Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Commercialism in Schools - Research Paper Example addition, it is only natural to want to have more and if schools could gain by developing partnerships with commerce, they wanted to try to get the extras to give more to the school and students. Thus, the trends for commercialism in schools continued to present an increase, despite much debate and criticism. State legislatures and school supervisors did eventually present some rules designed to ensure that commercial partnerships in which schools engaged remained within ethical limits to ensure that no harm to students ensued. However, commercialism in schools is open to creativity and some even go so far as to recommend commercial partnerships for schools. This essay presents a discussion about the commercialism in schools phenomenon and concludes that it is possible for schools to enter into healthy partnerships with commerce that benefit everyone. Commercialism in educational institutions is not something that is new and it had been commonly found and routinely accepted in schools in the United States of America from times prior to the early 1990s (Washington Office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1991). The previously cited report suggests that state legislatures within the United States of America had been concerned about the phenomenon since the early 1990s and tried to examine the impact of commercialism in schools on students and their education. However, according to (Molnar, 2006), the commercialism phenomenon in schools in the United States of America, Canada and in other parts of the world had taken an aggressive turn since then, prior to declining somewhat towards the end of the year 2006. Researchers suggested that a chronic shortage of funds for schools was the reason for commercialism in schools. Larson (2002) suggests that despite the concerns expressed by the state legislatures in the United States of America, businesses had been increasingly making inroads into the classrooms of the underfunded schools in the country.